---
title: 'Entity: Human judgment'
canonical_url: https://portal.chinng-lab-srv.dev/entities/human-judgment.md
content_kind: entity
updated_at: '2026-07-25T17:56:45Z'
---

# Entity: Human judgment

> Stable entity monitoring page generated from normalized published metadata.

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- government/eu
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## Latest articles

- [Judgment of the Court (Grand Chamber) of 16 July 2026.#Sociedad Civil Catalana, Asociación Cívica y Cultural (SCC) and Ministerio Fiscal v RAS and Others.#Reference for a preliminary ruling – Protection of the financial interests of the Union – Article 325(1) TFEU – Effective judicial protection in matters covered by EU law – Second subparagraph of Article 19(1) TEU – Accounting liability proceedings – Pursuit of the independence of part of the national territory of a Member State – National amnesty law concerning acts giving rise to liability in respect of public funds – Extinction of liability within a maximum period of two months, without examination of the defence submissions and exculpatory evidence and without hearing all the parties to the proceedings – First paragraph of Article 23 of the Statute of the Court of Justice of the European Union – Stay of the main proceedings by a national court which has submitted a request for a preliminary ruling to the Court of Justice under Article 267 TFEU.#Case C-523/24.](https://portal.chinng-lab-srv.dev/government/eu/2026/07/25/government-20260725-fb614b.md)
- [Judgment of the Court (First Chamber) of 16 July 2026.#Betaal Garant Nederland CV v De Nederlandsche Bank NV.#Reference for a preliminary ruling – Payment services in the internal market – Directive (EU) 2015/2366 – Article 4(3) – Concept of a ‘payment service’ – Article 4(24) – Concept of ‘credit transfer’ – Transaction by an intermediary entity carried out under a tripartite agreement and consisting in the holding of client funds in a bank account of that intermediary entity and the transfer of those funds to a business owner, following the client’s authorisation – Classification of the transaction – Absence of a ‘payment service’.#Case C-51/25.](https://portal.chinng-lab-srv.dev/government/eu/2026/07/25/government-20260725-e8c59c.md)
- [Judgment of the Court (Fourth Chamber) of 16 July 2026.#SU and Wild Ireland Defence CLG v An Coimisiún Pleanála, anciennement An Bord Pleanála and Others.#References for a preliminary ruling – Environment – Directive 92/43/EEC – Directive 2009/147/EC – Conservation of natural habitats and of wild fauna and flora – Special protection areas – Appropriate assessment of the implications of a plan or project likely to have an effect on a protected site in view of that site’s conservation objectives – Screening – Conservation objectives specific to a special protection area not set.#Case C-27/25.](https://portal.chinng-lab-srv.dev/government/eu/2026/07/25/government-20260725-d83233.md)
- [Judgment of the Court (Third Chamber) of 16 July 2026.#Gennady Nikolayevich Timchenko v Council of the European Union.#Appeal – Restrictive measures taken in view of the military aggression against Ukraine – Decision 2014/145/CFSP – Article 1(1)(b) and Article 2(1)(d) – Restrictive measures taken against a natural person providing financial support to Russian decision-makers responsible for the annexation of Crimea or the destabilisation of Ukraine – Article 21 TFEU – Article 45(1) of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union – Citizenship of the Union – Freedom of movement – Restrictive measures affecting the freedom of movement and residence of an EU citizen.#Case C-400/25 P.](https://portal.chinng-lab-srv.dev/government/eu/2026/07/25/government-20260725-b9368e.md)
- [Judgment of the Court (Grand Chamber) of 16 July 2026.#IMI – Imagens Médicas Integradas S.A. and Others v Autoridade da Concorrência.#References for a preliminary ruling – Competition – Agreements, decisions and concerted practices – Abuse of a dominant position – Articles 101 and 102 TFEU – Implementation by the national competition authorities – Decision of a national competition authority ordering an inspection – Search of the premises of the undertakings concerned – Seizure of business records resulting from email communications – Warrant issued by the Public Prosecutor’s Office – Articles 7 and 8 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union – Right to respect for private life and communications – Right to the protection of personal data – Procedural requirements – No prior authorisation by a court.#Joined Cases C-258/23 to C-260/23.](https://portal.chinng-lab-srv.dev/government/eu/2026/07/25/government-20260725-a55b6f.md)
- [Judgment of the Court (Sixth Chamber) of 16 July 2026.#Bogoljub Karić v Council of the European Union.#Appeal – Common foreign and security policy – Restrictive measures adopted in view of the situation in Belarus – Decision 2012/642/CFSP – Regulation (EC) No 765/2006 – Freezing of funds – Restriction on admission to and transit through the territory of the European Union – Inclusion and maintenance of the appellant’s name on the lists of persons, entities and bodies concerned by the restrictive measures – Criterion relating to benefiting from or supporting the regime of President Lukashenko.#Case C-39/25 P.](https://portal.chinng-lab-srv.dev/government/eu/2026/07/25/government-20260725-9dc9ff.md)
- [Judgment of the Court (Grand Chamber) of 16 July 2026.#xx v ww and Others.#Reference for a preliminary ruling – Area of freedom, security and justice – Judicial cooperation between the courts of Member States in civil or commercial matters – Regulation (EU) 2020/1783 – Article 12(2) – Request made to the requested court for the execution of a measure of inquiry adopted by the requesting court – Grounds for refusal to execute such a request – Rule of substantive law of the requested Member State – Taking of the evidence considered to be contrary to the fundamental principles of the law of the requested Member State – Exhumation of a body for the purpose of establishing parentage – Post-mortem genetic testing – Articles 1 and 7 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union – Right to respect for human dignity – Right to know one’s genetic origins.#Case C-196/24.](https://portal.chinng-lab-srv.dev/government/eu/2026/07/25/government-20260725-8baac8.md)
- [Judgment of the Court (First Chamber) of 12 March 2026.#Kingdom of Spain v Council of the European Union and Représentant spécial de l’Union européenne en Bosnie-Herzégovine.#Appeal – Staff coming under the Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) – International contract staff member hired by the European Union Special Representative in Bosnia and Herzegovina – Successive fixed-term employment contracts – Termination of the employment contract following the withdrawal of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland from the European Union – Appeal brought by a Member State which did not intervene in the proceedings before the General Court – Third paragraph of Article 56 of the Statute of the Court of Justice of the European Union – Admissibility of the appeal – Concept of ‘disputes between the Union and its servants’ – Cross-appeal – Admissibility.#Case C-728/23 P.](https://portal.chinng-lab-srv.dev/government/eu/2026/07/25/government-20260725-7e5f05.md)
- [Judgment of the Court (Sixth Chamber) of 16 April 2026.#European Commission v Federal Republic of Germany.#Case C-642/24.](https://portal.chinng-lab-srv.dev/government/eu/2026/07/25/government-20260725-7521a3.md)
- [Judgment of the Court (Fifth Chamber) of 16 July 2026.#ZD v Federazione Italiana Giuoco Calcio (FIGC) and Others.#References for a preliminary ruling – Disciplinary sanctions in the area of sport – Temporary prohibition on the pursuit of certain professional activities, imposed by a national sports association on two directors of a professional football club – Infringement consisting in making or approving false financial and accounting statements – Internal market – Articles 45 and 56 TFEU – Obstacle to the freedom of movement for workers and the freedom to provide services – Whether justified – Legitimate objective in the public interest – Proper conduct of sporting competitions – Observance of the principle of proportionality – Determination of sanctions – Existence of transparent, objective, non-discriminatory, proportionate and verifiable criteria – Second subparagraph of Article 19(1) TEU – Effective judicial protection – Article 47 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union – Right to an effective remedy – Whether there is effective judicial review – National legislation allowing the court having jurisdiction over the indirect review of the lawfulness of those sanctions to award compensation to the persons subject to sanctions but not to annul or suspend those sanctions.#Case C-424/24.](https://portal.chinng-lab-srv.dev/government/eu/2026/07/25/government-20260725-73064a.md)
- [Judgment of the Court (Fourth Chamber) of 16 July 2026.#SU and Wild Ireland Defence CLG v An Coimisiún Pleanála, anciennement An Bord Pleanála and Others.#References for a preliminary ruling – Environment – Directive 92/43/EEC – Directive 2009/147/EC – Conservation of natural habitats and of wild fauna and flora – Special protection areas – Appropriate assessment of the implications of a plan or project likely to have an effect on a protected site in view of that site’s conservation objectives – Screening – Conservation objectives specific to a special protection area not set.#Case C-27/25.](https://portal.chinng-lab-srv.dev/government/eu/2026/07/25/government-20260725-641c4d.md)
- [Judgment of the Court (Grand Chamber) of 16 July 2026.#Sociedad Civil Catalana, Asociación Cívica y Cultural (SCC) and Ministerio Fiscal v RAS and Others.#Reference for a preliminary ruling – Protection of the financial interests of the Union – Article 325(1) TFEU – Effective judicial protection in matters covered by EU law – Second subparagraph of Article 19(1) TEU – Accounting liability proceedings – Pursuit of the independence of part of the national territory of a Member State – National amnesty law concerning acts giving rise to liability in respect of public funds – Extinction of liability within a maximum period of two months, without examination of the defence submissions and exculpatory evidence and without hearing all the parties to the proceedings – First paragraph of Article 23 of the Statute of the Court of Justice of the European Union – Stay of the main proceedings by a national court which has submitted a request for a preliminary ruling to the Court of Justice under Article 267 TFEU.#Case C-523/24.](https://portal.chinng-lab-srv.dev/government/eu/2026/07/25/government-20260725-5e57c2.md)
- [Judgment of the Court (Third Chamber) of 16 July 2026.#PQ v Országos Idegenrendészeti Főigazgatóság Dél-alföldi Regionális Igazgatóság and Alkotmányvédelmi Hivatal.#Reference for a preliminary ruling – Citizenship of the European Union – Article 20 TFEU – Family member of a Union citizen who has never exercised his or her right of freedom of movement – Area of freedom, security and justice – Border controls, asylum and immigration – Directive 2008/115/EC – Return of illegally staying third-country nationals – Threat to national security – Statement by a specialist national authority – Statement of reasons – Access to the file – Classified information – Primacy of EU law.#Case C-26/25.](https://portal.chinng-lab-srv.dev/government/eu/2026/07/25/government-20260725-5d57a7.md)
- [Judgment of the Court (Grand Chamber) of 16 July 2026.#IMI – Imagens Médicas Integradas S.A. and Others v Autoridade da Concorrência.#References for a preliminary ruling – Competition – Agreements, decisions and concerted practices – Abuse of a dominant position – Articles 101 and 102 TFEU – Implementation by the national competition authorities – Decision of a national competition authority ordering an inspection – Search of the premises of the undertakings concerned – Seizure of business records resulting from email communications – Warrant issued by the Public Prosecutor’s Office – Articles 7 and 8 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union – Right to respect for private life and communications – Right to the protection of personal data – Procedural requirements – No prior authorisation by a court.#Joined Cases C-258/23 to C-260/23.](https://portal.chinng-lab-srv.dev/government/eu/2026/07/25/government-20260725-3caa8b.md)
- [Judgment of the Court (Third Chamber) of 16 July 2026.#Elettronica Industriale SpA v Ministero delle Imprese e del Made in Italy.#Reference for a preliminary ruling – Electronic communications networks and services – Directive 2002/21/EC – Article 9 – Radio spectrum management for electronic communications services – Principle of service neutrality – Article 9a – Review of restrictions on existing rights to use radio spectrum – A national measure requiring a holder of rights to use radio frequencies to use those frequencies in accordance with the provisions of the national frequency allocation plan and not permitting the pursuit of different activities – A national measure requiring the use of those radio frequencies exclusively for digital terrestrial television broadcasting services.#Case C-401/25.](https://portal.chinng-lab-srv.dev/government/eu/2026/07/25/government-20260725-a02a27.md)
- [Judgment of the Court (Second Chamber) of 16 July 2026.#Autorità per le Garanzie nelle Comunicazioni (AGCOM) v Google Ireland Limited.#Reference for a preliminary ruling – Directive 2000/31/EC – Article 1(5) – Scope – Exclusion of gambling activities – Advertising of gambling – Hosting such advertising – Article 14 – Liability regime for hosting service providers – Active role – Commercial contract concluded between a hosting service provider and a recipient of the service.#Case C-421/24.](https://portal.chinng-lab-srv.dev/government/eu/2026/07/25/government-20260725-89f2e6.md)
- [Judgment of the Court (Grand Chamber) of 16 July 2026.#xx v ww and Others.#Reference for a preliminary ruling – Area of freedom, security and justice – Judicial cooperation between the courts of Member States in civil or commercial matters – Regulation (EU) 2020/1783 – Article 12(2) – Request made to the requested court for the execution of a measure of inquiry adopted by the requesting court – Grounds for refusal to execute such a request – Rule of substantive law of the requested Member State – Taking of the evidence considered to be contrary to the fundamental principles of the law of the requested Member State – Exhumation of a body for the purpose of establishing parentage – Post-mortem genetic testing – Articles 1 and 7 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union – Right to respect for human dignity – Right to know one’s genetic origins.#Case C-196/24.](https://portal.chinng-lab-srv.dev/government/eu/2026/07/25/government-20260725-5207e1.md)
- [Judgment of the Court (Fifth Chamber) of 16 July 2026.#International Management Group (IMG) v European Commission.#Appeal – Non-contractual liability – European Anti-Fraud Office (OLAF) investigations – Confidentiality – Non-authorised disclosure of the investigation report to the press – Imputability of the leaks – Article 10(3) of Regulation (EU, Euratom) No 883/2013 – Material and non-material damage – Burden of proof – Limitation period for actions for damages – First paragraph of Article 46 of the Statute of the Court of Justice of the European Union – Confidentiality of legal opinions.#Case C-559/23 P.](https://portal.chinng-lab-srv.dev/government/eu/2026/07/25/government-20260725-4f5801.md)
- [Judgment of the Court (Grand Chamber) of 16 July 2026.#Ministerio Fiscal and Others v EGB and Others.#Reference for a preliminary ruling – Combating terrorism – Article 83(1) TFEU – Directive (EU) 2017/541 – Article 3 – Terrorist offences – Article 4 – Offences relating to a terrorist group – Article 15(1) – Obligation to provide for effective, proportionate and dissuasive criminal penalties – Effectiveness – Principle of legal certainty – Principle of equal treatment and non-discrimination – Primacy of EU law – Principle of sincere cooperation – National amnesty law which provides for the extinction of criminal liability – Acts which have not intentionally caused serious breaches of human rights.#Case C-666/24.](https://portal.chinng-lab-srv.dev/government/eu/2026/07/25/government-20260725-42264b.md)
- [Judgment of the Court (Fifth Chamber) of 16 July 2026.#ZD and MI v Federazione Italiana Giuoco Calcio (FIGC) and Others.#References for a preliminary ruling – Disciplinary sanctions in the area of sport – Temporary prohibition on the pursuit of certain professional activities, imposed by a national sports association on two directors of a professional football club – Infringement consisting in making or approving false financial and accounting statements – Internal market – Articles 45 and 56 TFEU – Obstacle to the freedom of movement for workers and the freedom to provide services – Whether justified – Legitimate objective in the public interest – Proper conduct of sporting competitions – Observance of the principle of proportionality – Determination of sanctions – Existence of transparent, objective, non-discriminatory, proportionate and verifiable criteria – Second subparagraph of Article 19(1) TEU – Effective judicial protection – Article 47 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union – Right to an effective remedy – Whether there is effective judicial review – National legislation allowing the court having jurisdiction over the indirect review of the lawfulness of those sanctions to award compensation to the persons subject to sanctions but not to annul or suspend those sanctions.#Joined Cases C-424/24 and C-425/24.](https://portal.chinng-lab-srv.dev/government/eu/2026/07/25/government-20260725-40ccd9.md)
- [Judgment of the Court (Grand Chamber) of 16 July 2026.#Parchetul de pe lângă Curtea de Apel Oradea v M.G.D.#Reference for a preliminary ruling – Protection of the financial interests of the European Union – Article 325(1) TFEU – Convention drawn up on the basis of Article K.3 of the Treaty on European Union, on the protection of the European Communities’ financial interests – Article 2(1) – Obligation to counter fraud affecting the financial interests of the Union by taking effective deterrent measures – Obligation to provide for criminal penalties – Serious fraud affecting the financial interests of the Union – Concept – Limitation period for criminal liability – National standard of protection relating to the principle of the retroactive application of the more lenient criminal law (lex mitior principle) – Obligation for the courts of a Member State to disapply case-law of the supreme court of that Member State which is not in line with EU law – Application of the judgment of 24 July 2023, Lin (C‑107/23 PPU, EU:C:2023:606) – Constitutional prohibition on applying lex tertia – Limitation period already expired – Foreseeability of the conditions laid down by that judgment – Compatibility of that judgment with Article 7 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, signed in Rome on 4 November 1950.#Case C-280/25.](https://portal.chinng-lab-srv.dev/government/eu/2026/07/25/government-20260725-249abb.md)
- [Judgment of the Court (Grand Chamber) of 16 July 2026.#Ministerio Fiscal and Others v EGB and Others.#Reference for a preliminary ruling – Combating terrorism – Article 83(1) TFEU – Directive (EU) 2017/541 – Article 3 – Terrorist offences – Article 4 – Offences relating to a terrorist group – Article 15(1) – Obligation to provide for effective, proportionate and dissuasive criminal penalties – Effectiveness – Principle of legal certainty – Principle of equal treatment and non-discrimination – Primacy of EU law – Principle of sincere cooperation – National amnesty law which provides for the extinction of criminal liability – Acts which have not intentionally caused serious breaches of human rights.#Case C-666/24.](https://portal.chinng-lab-srv.dev/government/eu/2026/07/25/government-20260725-1db795.md)
- [Judgment of the Court (Fifth Chamber) of 16 July 2026.#International Management Group (IMG) v European Commission.#Appeal – EU Financial Regulations – Implementation of the EU budget under joint or indirect management with an international organisation – Decision refusing to recognise an entity as an international organisation with retroactive effect – Concept of ‘international organisation’ – Constituent elements – Interpretation of the international agreement establishing the organisation – Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties – Articles 31 and 32 – Non-contractual liability.#Case C-790/24 P.](https://portal.chinng-lab-srv.dev/government/eu/2026/07/25/government-20260725-0b642c.md)
- [AI models’ breakout from human control brings a told-you-so moment for technology researchers](https://portal.chinng-lab-srv.dev/news/tech/news-20260724-1b1a89.md)
- [Case C-198/24, Mr Green: Judgment of the Court (Fourth Chamber) of 21 May 2026 (request for a preliminary ruling from the Landesgericht für Zivilrechtssachen Wien – Austria) – TQ v Mr Green Limited (Reference for a preliminary ruling – Cooperation in civil and commercial matters – Regulation (EU) No 655/2014 – European Account Preservation Order procedure to facilitate cross-border debt recovery in civil and commercial matters – Conditions for issuing – Article 7(1) – Urgency – Real risk that, without such a measure, the subsequent enforcement of the claim will be impeded or made substantially more difficult – Nature of that risk – Circumstances which may demonstrate the existence of that risk – Past actions of the debtor – Obstacles to enforcement in the Member State in which that debtor is domiciled – Legislation of a Member State which provides for the inadmissibility of any legal action concerning the lawfulness of providing gambling services from that Member State, which is authorised by the legislation of that Member State, and the obligation on the courts of that Member State to refuse to recognise or enforce any foreign judicial decision delivered following such an action)](https://portal.chinng-lab-srv.dev/government/eu/2026/07/19/government-20260719-c366d8.md)
- [Case C-545/24, Utiledulci: Judgment of the Court (Second Chamber) of 21 May 2026 (request for a preliminary ruling from the Tribunal Administrativo e Fiscal do Funchal – Portugal) – Utiledulci – Comércio Internacional e Serviços, Sociedade Unipessoal, Lda. – Zona Franca da Madeira v Autoridade Tributária e Assuntos Fiscais da Região Autónoma da Madeira (Reference for a preliminary ruling – State aid – Aid scheme that is incompatible with the internal market – Detailed rules for the application of Article 108 TFEU – Regulation (EU) 2015/1589 – Recovery of aid – Recovery obligation – Article 16(3) – Immediate and effective execution – Procedural autonomy afforded to Member States – Suspension of the national tax enforcement procedure – Condition relating to the provision of an appropriate guarantee – Compatibility)](https://portal.chinng-lab-srv.dev/government/eu/2026/07/19/government-20260719-9414f3.md)